musical instruments

Everybody likes to pick up something and make noise with it. Haven’t you banged your spoon on the table? Or run your finger around the top of a glass of water to make it hum? You probably didn’t think of this as playing a musical instrument. But it’s likely that musical instruments got started this way—perhaps by people beating two sticks together, blowing on hollow stalks, or rattling dried pods with seeds in them.

WHAT’S IN A SOUND?

Anything that makes sound could be a musical instrument. But we usually think of musical instruments as objects specially created to produce the sounds of the music we know—folk, rock, classical, and all other types.

Musical instruments range from simple to complex. They differ from one part of the world to another. But all instruments produce sound the same way, by means of vibrations (rapid back-and-forth movements). These vibrations reach our ears as sound waves. We can group musical instruments into families by how they produce vibrations. Vibrations come from striking, plucking, and blowing on instruments, or by moving a bow across them. Faster vibrations produce higher notes.

INSTRUMENTS WE STRIKE

Instruments we strike range from hollowed-out logs to complicated bells. We strike gongs and xylophones. When we shake a rattle, objects inside it strike the rattle’s wall and make a sound. Our fingers can strike or scrape against a washboard or the rim of a glass to produce sounds. Instruments that make sounds by striking them have been used since the Stone Age. Striking the instrument starts the vibrations.

Sometimes we strike an object that has a skin or other membrane stretched tight across it. This kind of instrument is a drum. The stretched membrane vibrates to produce the sound. Drums are found in nearly every culture around the world.

INSTRUMENTS WE BLOW ON

Flutes, trumpets, saxophones, and other instruments produce sound through vibrations of air. A flute sounds when we breathe air into a hole on its side or its end. By covering finger holes on the flute, we can change the pitch of the notes—how high or low the notes are.

In some instruments, a thin piece of metal or plastic in the mouthpiece vibrates when we blow on it. These instruments are called reed instruments. They include the bassoon, clarinet, oboe, and saxophone. The bagpipe is also a reed instrument. The bagpiper blows air into the bags, and presses the bags to send air into the pipes where a reed vibrates. Pressure from our lips helps make the air vibrate when we blow into a horn, trombone, trumpet, or tuba.

INSTRUMENTS WITH STRINGS

Some musical instruments, such as violins and harps, have strings that vibrate. Stretching the strings by plucking or striking makes them vibrate. Violins, violas, and cellos are played by drawing a bow across their strings. The guitar, lute, banjo, and harp have strings that are plucked with the fingers. The piano has strings and a keyboard. Pressing a key on the keyboard causes a string to be hit with a small hammer.

INSTRUMENTS WITH ELECTRICITY

Some instruments use electrical equipment to produce or change their sounds. Electric guitars use electric current to make their sound a lot louder than the usual guitar. Synthesizers use electric current to produce sound. A group of synthesizers linked together can produce the sound of an entire orchestra. Computers control sound synthesizers made today.

Also in Encarta Kids

Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

musik dalam kehidupan sehari hari

Tunjukkan huruf latin

Musik adalah bagian dari setiap kebudayaan di Bumi. Banyak orang merasa bahwa musik membuat hidup layak dijalani. Kita dapat membuat musik sendiri jika kita memainkan alat musik atau bernyanyi. Kita dapat mendengar musik di CD dan di radio atau televisi. Musik memberikan kita kesenangan. Dapat menghibur kita, membangkitkan kita, atau menenangkan kami.

WHAT IS MUSIC?

Musik dapat menjadi bahagia, sedih, romantis, mengantuk, tulang punggung-kesemutan, penyembuhan-segala macam hal. Tapi apa yang terjadi? Sebagian orang mendefinisikannya sebagai susunan berseni suara sepanjang waktu. Telinga kita menafsirkan suara ini sebagai keras atau lembut, tinggi atau rendah, cepat dan pendek, atau lambat dan halus. Suara perlu melanjutkan untuk sementara waktu dalam pola semacam untuk menjadi musik.

Music, seperti bahasa, adalah manusia yang unik bentuk komunikasi. Seperti halnya bahasa, ada banyak jenis. Di Amerika Utara, orang-orang mendengarkan musik jazz, rock, klasik, folk, negara, dan banyak jenis musik lainnya. Setiap jenis musik memiliki aturan sendiri dan "berbicara" kepada kita dengan caranya sendiri.

Apa yang kita anggap sebagai musik tergantung di mana kita hidup. Apa Amerika digunakan untuk mendengarkan mungkin terdengar aneh dengan seseorang dari budaya lain, dan sebaliknya. Mungkin bahkan tidak terdengar seperti musik. Di Indonesia, gamelan orkestra memainkan musik pada gong, drum, dan xylophone. Ini bukan alat kau akan menemukan dalam sebuah orkestra khas di Amerika Utara.

Hari ini, komunikasi modern memungkinkan bagi kita untuk mendengarkan musik dari seluruh dunia. Musik dari satu bagian dari pengaruh dunia musik dari bagian lain. Sebagai contoh, musik gamelan dari Indonesia abad ke-20 dipengaruhi komposer Amerika seperti John Cage.

Yang menemukan MUSIC?

Tidak ada yang tahu pasti ketika musik dimulai. Mungkin sementara orang-orang sedang bekerja, mereka mulai bernyanyi atau menyanyi untuk membuat pekerjaan lebih cepat. Orang-orang yang mengulangi gerakan-memetik tanaman atau mendayung perahu, misalnya-bisa bernyanyi atau menyanyikan pada waktunya untuk pekerjaan. Indian Navajo, misalnya, memiliki penggilingan jagung lagu. Banyak budaya kerja mengembangkan lagu.

Seiring waktu, orang-orang mengembangkan alat musik. Mereka mungkin telah mulai dengan bertepuk tangan dan mengentakkan kaki mereka. Tongkat dan benda-benda yang mengguncang bisa menggantikan tubuh manusia sebagai instrumen awal. Kedua instrumen dan musik menjadi lebih kompleks dengan waktu.

Hari ini, banyak kebudayaan membagi musik ke dalam musik dan seni musik rakyat. Seni musik, yang kita sebut musik klasik, ini lebih rumit daripada orang-orang musik-musik rakyat dan musik populer. Seni musik pada umumnya lebih sulit untuk menulis dan tampil. Musisi yang melakukan hal itu memerlukan banyak pelatihan. Populer dan gaya rakyat biasanya lebih mudah untuk membuat, melakukan, dan memahami.

MELODY DAN IRAMA

Melodi dan ritme adalah dua elemen dasar musik. Melodi adalah serangkaian catatan. Kita tahu itu sebagai lagu.

Melody didasarkan pada catatan yang berbeda-beda dalam pitch-yaitu, dalam seberapa tinggi atau rendah mereka. Ketika beberapa catatan, atau pitches, suara bersama-sama, itu namanya harmoni.

Irama adalah pola catatan. Ketika catatan dikelompokkan bersama-sama, mereka memiliki ritme, atau memukul. Irama adalah apa yang kita tekan kaki kita. Musik rock dikenal untuk mengalahkan yang kuat.

MUSIC MENGAPA PENTING?

Musik berjalan bersama dengan banyak kegiatan kami. Kita menari musik. Kami menyanyikan lagu-lagu di sekolah. Banyak dari kita latihan musik. Band bermain di pertandingan sepak bola. Kami mendengar musik di mobil dan toko. Musik menyertai banyak peristiwa-peristiwa penting. Pada sebuah pernikahan, misalnya, pengantin pawai menyusuri lorong musik.

Musik selalu penting untuk upacara keagamaan. Musik terdengar di gereja-gereja Kristen, Yahudi, sinagoga, masjid-masjid Islam, dan tempat ibadah lainnya.

Musik menghibur kita. Kami mendengarkan menunjukkan lagu, rohaniwan, pop, opera, dan rock. Kami memiliki penyanyi favorit. Kami mendengar musik sebagai latar belakang di film. Mungkin kita pergi ke teater untuk melihat musik-film atau bermain dengan musik, bernyanyi, dan sering dengan menari. Musik adalah bagian dari kehidupan kita

clasical music

All rights reserved.

Do not be bored. Classical music can be very stimulating. Classical music began in Europe in the Middle Ages and continues today.

Classical music is the art music of Europe and North America. When we call it art music, we are distinguishing classical music from popular music and folk music. Art music generally requires more training to write and perform than the other two kinds.

FROM ORCHESTRA TO SOLOIST

Classical music can be written for orchestras (large groups of musicians) and for smaller groups. Some classical music is written for people to sing.

Orchestras usually play in concert halls. A conductor leads the musicians in an orchestra. The number of players can range from about two dozen to well over 100. An orchestra has several sections made up of different instruments: strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion.

The string section of an orchestra consists of violins, violas, cellos, and basses. Woodwinds are flutes, clarinets, oboes, and bassoons. Brass instruments include trumpets and trombones. Percussion instruments include drums and cymbals.

Classical music for small groups is called chamber music because it was once played in chambers, or large rooms in people’s houses. Examples of chamber music are quintets (for five musicians), quartets (for four musicians), and trios (for three musicians).

Some classical music is written for a soloist, a single performer who may play an instrument, especially the piano, or sing. Opera is written for an orchestra and singers.

FROM OPERA TO SYMPHONY

Opera combines music and drama. It tells a story, and the singers must also act. Operas have lavish stage sets (scenery) and fancy costumes. Many operas also feature huge choruses, dance numbers, and brilliant displays of the singers’ voices.

Thrilling operas include Madame Butterfly by Giacomo Puccini, Carmen by Georges Bizet, and Rigoletto and Aida by Giuseppe Verdi. These operas all have tragic endings.

Some operas are lighter in spirit and even comic. They generally end happily. Gioacchino Rossini’s The Barber of Seville is an example of a comic opera. The light operas of Gilbert and Sullivan and other composers are sometimes called operettas. In the United States, operetta changed into a popular form—the musical. The musical is a play that has songs, choruses, and dances in its story.

Many operas feature dances or long passages played by instruments that actually interrupt the action. That’s how the symphony originated. It started out as an instrumental introduction to 18th-century Italian opera. Symphonies then became all the rage in Germany and Austria.

The symphony is a composition written for orchestra. It generally has four contrasting sections, or movements. In a performance, there is plenty to look at because of the fantastic array of instruments.

Famous symphony composers include Ludwig van Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, Peter Tchaikovsky, Gustav Mahler, and Dmitry Shostakovich.

CLASSICAL STYLES

There are different styles in classical music, depending on when the music was composed. From earliest to most recent, these styles include baroque (1600s), classical (1700s), romantic (1800s), modern (early 1900s), and postmodern (late 1900s).

You’ll notice that classical appears as a separate style within classical music. The term classical can also describe music composed in the 1700s, primarily in Vienna. The leading composers of this time were Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven. They were a brilliant group. You might begin listening to classical music with their works.

Also in Encarta Kids

Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporatio